RESUMO
The stunning sexual transformation commonly triggered by age, size or social context in some fishes is one of the best examples of phenotypic plasticity thus far described. To date our understanding of this process is dominated by studies on a handful of subtropical and tropical teleosts, often in wild settings. Here we have established the protogynous New Zealand spotty wrasse, Notolabrus celidotus, as a temperate model for the experimental investigation of sex change. Captive fish were induced to change sex using aromatase inhibition or manipulation of social groups. Complete female-to-male transition occurred over 60 days in both cases and time-series sampling was used to quantify changes in hormone production, gene expression and gonadal cellular anatomy. Early-stage decreases in plasma 17ß-estradiol (E2) concentrations or gonadal aromatase (cyp19a1a) expression were not detected in spotty wrasse, despite these being commonly associated with the onset of sex change in subtropical and tropical protogynous (female-to-male) hermaphrodites. In contrast, expression of the masculinising factor amh (anti-Müllerian hormone) increased during early sex change, implying a potential role as a proximate trigger for masculinisation. Collectively, these data provide a foundation for the spotty wrasse as a temperate teleost model to study sex change and cell fate in vertebrates.
Assuntos
Peixes/fisiologia , Organismos Hermafroditas/fisiologia , Processos de Determinação Sexual , Animais , Hormônio Antimülleriano/genética , Hormônio Antimülleriano/metabolismo , Inibidores da Aromatase/farmacologia , Estradiol/sangue , Feminino , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Peixes/sangue , Peixes/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Gônadas/fisiologia , Organismos Hermafroditas/efeitos dos fármacos , Organismos Hermafroditas/genética , Organismos Hermafroditas/metabolismo , Masculino , Modelos Animais , Fenótipo , Caracteres Sexuais , Processos de Determinação Sexual/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Social , Testosterona/análogos & derivados , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
PURPOSE: We describe our series of 4 patients with megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome (MCAP) and review the literature in order to assess the optimal treatment for the associated hydrocephalus. METHODS: We review our institutional series of hydrocephalus associated with MCAP and review the literature, analyzing the causes that could originate the hydrocephalus and the different types of treatments proposed for them. RESULTS: Of our patients treated with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt, one suffered a surgical revision of the shunt and died due to a cranial trauma unrelated to her syndrome or the previous shunt surgery, and the other did not undergo surgical revisions until the end of her follow-up. Our patients treated with endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) have improved their symptomatology and have not suffered of any complications related to the hydrocephalus after the ETV surgery. CONCLUSIONS: We update the treatment of MCAP-associated hydrocephalus and propose ETV as a valid treatment, as it seems a safe procedure with a low rate of complications.
